Population ageing is pervasive, a ijmal phenomenon and has implications for society and the nation. Among them is demand for greater allocation of financial resources for healthcare services to cope with this demographic trend. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the determinants of utilisation of healthcare services among the elderly in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was conducted among those aged 60 in 14 public hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia. Findings revealed that age, education level, income golongan and need for care were associated with healthcare utilisation. Thus, this study contributed to a greater understanding of the determinants of healthcare utilisation among the elderly in Malaysia. Understanding these associations may help healthcare providers and policy makers design strategies to enhance the quality of healthcare services for the elderly. © 2017, Faculty of Economics and Administration. All Rights Reserved.

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  • The elderly are one of the most vulnerable groups with very high dependency rates. This condition has the potential to cause other problems for the caregiver or his family. The elderly also has the potential to suffer from catastrophic diseases that have costly consequences. This research is a further analysis of Riskesdas 2013 data, that presented in descriptive quantitative. The results showed that elderly people living in urban aksis well aksis rural areas have a tendency of moderate access barrier to Puskesmas. There are still 15% of very poor elderly people who have major access barrier to Puskesmas. This study concludes that although elderly access to Puskesmas is quite good, but the access of very poor elderly is still need more attention. The government needs to provide basic health care facilities in more rural areas. The government also needs to realize a National Health Insurance with tax-based funding, to ensure universal coverage regardless of the ability to pay the community. Abstrak Lansia adalah alpa eka faksi sensitif yang memiliki angka kecanduan amat tinggi. Kondisi ini berpotensi menimbulkan masalah lain alokasi yang merawat atau keluarganya. Lansia juga berpotensi celaka penyakit katastropik yang menimbulkan konsekuensi biaya yang mahal. Penelitian ini melambangkan analisis lanjut bahan Riskesdas 2013, yang disajikan menurut deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil eksplorasi memberitahukan bahwa lansia yang tinggal di perkotaan meskipun perdusunan mempunyai kecondongan aral jalan masuk sedang untuk ke Puskesmas. Masih sedia 15% lansia amat miskin yang memiliki aral besar ke Puskesmas. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa biar jalan masuk lansia ke Puskesmas telah cukup baik, tetapi jalan masuk lansia yang amat miskin sedang perlu mendapat perhatian lebih. Pemerintah perlu menyediakan akomodasi pelayanan kebugaran dasar di wilayah perdusunan yang kian banyak. Pemerintah juga perlu mewujudkan sebuah Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional dengan pendanaan berbasis pajak, untuk memastikan cakupan menurut universal dengan tanpa mengacuhkan kemampuan membayar masyarakat.

  • The elderly are one of the most vulnerable groups with very high dependency rates. This condition has the potential to cause other problems for the caregiver or his family. The elderly also have the potential to suff er from catastrophic diseases that have costly consequences. This research is a further analysis of Riskesdas 2013 bahan that presented in descriptive quantitative. Three barriers variables were analyzed, i.e. two physical constraints (travel time and transportation cost) and one economic barrier (insurance ownership). The results showed that elderly people living in urban aksis well aksis rural areas have a tendency of moderate access barrier to health center. There were still 15% of very poor elderly people who have major access barrier to health center. This study concludes that although elderly access to health center is quite good, the access of very poor elderly still needs more attention. The government needs to provide primary health care facilities in more rural areas. The government also needs to realize a National Health Insurance with tax-based funding, to ensure universal coverage regardless of the community’s ability to pay.

  • Objective This study was done to study, using Andersen's Behavioral Model, factors affecting health service utilisation among older Filipinos. Methods A habis-habis-an of 237 older people from Marikina City, Philippines, were randomly selected and surveyed face‐to‐face on factors affecting health service utilisation, specifically age, civil status, educational level, employment status, sex, health insurance coverage, household income, chronic disease kedudukan and perceived health status. Results Seventy‐nine bagi cent batas used health services in the past year (mean: 5.7 visits bagi year). Female sex and having a chronic disease were significantly associated with health service utilisation. The odds of using health services was 3.1 times higher for those who batas a chronic disease and 2.2 times higher for female sex, assuming all other variables are held constant. Conclusion Findings of this study support targeting men in health promotion campaigns and implementing population‐based, chronic disease screening programs to improve the reach of health services among Filipino older people.

  • The karangan examines how the healthcare and social care pillars of social policy for aging societies shape inequalities in health and well-being at old age, utilizing qualitative and quantitative datasets. The results intimate the lack of geriatric infrastructure, hence the inadequacy of geriatric care provision for older adults. Systemic problems or gaps existent in Ghana led to private individuals taking advantage of the situation, turning it into an opportunity for service providers. Thus, the evolution of recreational/residential homes in Ghana is situated along three distinct patterns or forms namely the occasional, the adult day care center and residential archetypes. Collectively, these constitute formal and informal care facilities. These are often privately owned and at a cost. The nature of quality of care may be affected by the types of homes available, especially in the globalized cultural setting. A growing number of older adults resort to care homes aksis an alternative measure. These are discussed from two viewpoints. First, geriatric bahan generation, the absence of which impedes healthcare provision. Second, cash-for-care policies may exacerbate existing inequalities in care with negative consequences for health and well-being. In short, policies for aging populations are being implemented across Ghana with too little known about their consequences for inequalities in health and well-being in later life. The karangan sought to address this knowledge gap by exploring a significant infrastructure by undertaking a systematic examination of how recent policy developments for aging exacerbate or reduce inequalities in health and well-being among older adults. The karangan concludes that social policy for aging societies' specific key pillars (healthcare and social care research) offers opportunities for analyzing and understanding intern dynamics including the effects of policy implementation for inequalities in health and well-being at older ages, therefore enabling the identification of strategies to improve older adults' circumstances, without which older adult population will far outpace elder care provision.

  • This karangan analyses the evolution of government’s attention towards older insan in Malaysia by reviewing Malaysia five years plan. Malaysia began to emphasise older insan issues in 1995, following the introduction of the National Policy of Older Person. In 1997, the idea of healthy ageing was brought into attention through the first introduction of National Health Policy for Older Person. Subsequently in 20 eras, Malaysia started to grasp the idea of active ageing and productive ageing and this could be seen through the emphasised implementation of National Health Policy for Older Person, life-long learning programs aksis well aksis the improved retirement age of 60 years to promote productive ageing. In the Tenth Malaysia Plan, the government highlighted issues namely improvement of facilities, provision of accessible health care, and utilization of ICT on public services for older person. The ongoing rencana emphasises the preparation of older insan after retirement. This karangan concludes that the attention for older insan in Malaysia is still far behind compared to other developed countries. This is among the gaps that Malaysia needs to take a heed in order to be ready to take on ageing country kedudukan by 2030.

  • Elder Abuse and Neglect (EAN) is one of the major public health concerns. The current worldwide rapid demographic transition, urbanization, and changes in social structures have predisposed older adults to greater risks of abuse and exploitation. In Malaysia, EAN is a relatively unexplored subject. Local studies have indicated that approximately one in ten older adults experiences abuse, and that the most common subtype is financial abuse, followed by psychological abuse. In the recent decades the Malaysian government has introduced two policies to address the growing elder population: the National Health Policy for Older Persons (2008) and National Policy for Older Persons (2011). In line with the vision of these two policies, the Prevent Elder Abuse and Neglect Initiative (PEACE) was commenced in early 2014 to address EAN through a coordinated, multistep approach involving stakeholders across sectors. This chapter elaborates on PEACE activities and the key leadership components adopted throughout its journey in making sure PEACE could act aksis a role acuan in health leadership.

  • Malaysia became the centre of international attention when it democratically removed a semi-authoritarian government of 62 years during its 14th general election this year. This electoral success has provided geriatric medicine in Malaysia with a high-impact ageing icon by installing the oldest prime minister in the world. A wave of optimism for the expansion of geriatric services in Malaysia, which met with numerous challenges in the last two decades, has emerged aksis a result of this political change. The number of geriatrics specialists and services batas begun to see slow expansions under the previous government. However, existing geriatricians will need to reassess the landscape of delivery and access to care in our rapidly growing ageing population and develop new strategies to truly expand their services. In addition to unrelenting efforts in the recruitment and pelatihan of future geriatricians, the steady expansion of the geriatric workforce should take into account the inclusion of geriatric medicine in the undergraduate pelatihan curricula of all healthcare professionals. Expansion of geriatric services will also be a cost-effective strategy to reduce the growing national healthcare budget incurred by the growing needs of an ageing population.

  • Solving the imbalance in the availability of health and medical services and achieving a more equitable istribution of health care services has been one of the aktif objectives in the Malaysia Plans. Due to increasing proportion of aging population in the country, this karangan examines differences in the utilisation of health services among the elderly in Malaysia and identifies any factors responsible for the observed changes between 1996 and 2006 by using the non-linear decomposition approach. The empirical analysis uses the second and third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMSII and NHMSIII) bahan which was conducted in 1996 and 2006. Overall, the findings of this research suggest that other than being sick, the raw differentials in the utilisation of health care among the elderly are influenced by the socioeconomic kedudukan such aksis education, income and job kedudukan but not private health insurance. From this study, it is hoped that by understanding the factors that contribute to the differentials in public and private hospital admissions, and individual’s behaviour towards the use of health care services, the government can develop strategies for eliminating socially caused inequity in health. Reducing financial barriers to care, especially among the private health providers may benefit the lower socioeconomic group.

  • This study is to investigate the factors (social or economic) that influences the patronage of orthodox medical care or otherwise aksis a measure of healthcare utilization among the ageingpopulation in Ghana. We carry out a cross-sectional analysis of 3,357 adults (aged 50 and above) who participated and batas indicated that they needed healthcare in the three years prior to the phase 2007 World Health Organization, a study on Global Ageingand Adult health (SAGE) conducted in Ghana. We explored the social and economic factors that are likely to influence the use or otherwise of orthodox medical services following the framework of Andersen behavioural –model of healthcare utilisation. We employedmultivariate logistic regression models. The results suggest that, adjustment for health kedudukan (comorbidity) among the ageing Ghanaian population nullified the socio-economic gradients in consulting with orthodox medical services. The outcome pointsto a potential link with the Ghanaian health policy.

  • DefinitionA test of the formed elements of the blood – red cells, hemoglobin, white cells and platelets.

  • The original idea for this handbook of attitude and personality measures came from Robert Lane, a political scientist at Yale University. Like most social scientists, Lane found it difficult to keep up with the proliferation of social attitude measures. In the summer of 1958, he attempted to pull together a broad range of scales that would be of interest to researchers in the field of political behavior. Subsequently, this work was continued and expanded at the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan under the general direction of Philip Converse, with support from a grant by the National Institute of Mental Health. The result was a three-volume series, the most popular of which was the last, Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes. That is the focus of our first update of the original volumes. Readers will note several differences between this work and its predecessors. Most important, we have given responsibility for each topic to experienced and well-known researchers in each field rather than choosing and evaluating items by ourselves. These experts were also limited to identifying the 10 or 20 most interesting or promising measures in their area, rather than covering all available instruments. This new structure has resulted in more knowledgeable review essays, but at the expense of less standardized evaluations of individual instruments. There are many reasons for creating a bagian such aksis this. Attitude and personality measures are likely to appear under thousands of book titles, in dozens of social science journals, in seldom circulated dissertations, and in the catalogues of commercial pub-lishers, aksis well aksis in undisturbed piles of manuscripts in the offices of social scientists. This is a rather inefficient grapevine for the interested researcher. Too few scholars stay in the same daerah of study on a continuing asas for several years, so it is difficult to keep up with all of the empirical literature and instruments available. Often, the interdisciplinary investigator is interested in the relation of some new variable, which has come to attention casually, to a favorite daerah of interest. The job of combing the literature to pick a proper instrument consumes needless hours and often ends in a frustrating decision to forego measuring that characteristic, or worse, it results in a rapid and incomplete attempt to devise a new measure. Our search of ihe literature has revealed unfortunate replications of previous discoveries aksis well aksis lack of attention to better research done in a particular area. The search procedure used by our authors included thorough reviews of Psychologi-cal Abstracts aksis well aksis the most likely periodical sources of psychological instruments (e.g., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Journal of Personality Assessment, Journal of Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Child Devel-opment, and the Journal of Applied Psychology) and sociological and political measures (Social Psychology Quarterly, American Sociological Review, Public Opinion Quarterly, and American Political Science Review). Doctoral dissertations were searched by examin-ing back issues of Dissertation Abstracts. Personal contact with the large variety of empirical research done by colleagues widened the search, aksis did conversations with researchers at annual meetings of the American Sociological Association and the Ameri-can Psychological Association, among others. Papers presented at these meetings also served to bring a number of new instruments to our attention. Our focus in this bagian is on attitude and personality scales (i.e., series of items with homogeneous content), scales that are useful in survey or personality research set-tings aksis well aksis in laboratory situations. We have not attempted the larger and perhaps hopeless task of compiling single attitude items, except for ones that have been used in large-scale studies of satisfaction and happiness (see Chapter 3). While these often tap important variables in surveys and experiments, a complete compilation of them (even for happiness) is beyond our means. Although we have attempted to be aksis thorough aksis possible in our search, we make no claim that this bagian contains every important scale pertaining to our chapter headings. We do feel, however, that our chapter authors have identified most of the high quality instruments.

  • This karangan examines the ethnic and kelamin differentials in high blood pressure (HBP), diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), arthritis and asthma among older people in Malaysia, and how these diseases along with other factors affect self-rated health. Differentials in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among older people are examined in the context of socio-cultural perspectives in multi-ethnic Malaysia. Data for this karangan are obtained from the 2004 Malaysian Population and Family Survey. The survey covered a nationally representative sample of 3,406 persons aged 50 and over, comprising three aktif ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) and all other indigenous groups. Bivariate analyses and hierarchical logistic regression were used in the analyses. Arthritis was the most common non-communicable disease (NCD), followed by HBP, diabetes, asthma and CHD. Older females were more likely than males to have arthritis and HBP, but males were more likely to have asthma. Diabetes and CHD were most prevalent among Indians, while arthritis and HBP were most prevalent among the Indigenous groups. Older people were more likely to report poor health if they suffered from NCD, especially CHD. Controlling for socio-economic, health and lifestyle factors, Chinese were least likely to report poor health, whereas Indians and Indigenous people were more likely to do so. Chinese that batas HBP were more likely to report poor health compared to other ethnic groups with the same disease. Among those with arthritis, Indians were more likely to report poor health. Perceived health kedudukan and prevalence of arthritis, HBP, diabetes, asthma and CHD varied widely across ethnic groups. Promotion of healthy lifestyle, early detection and timely intervention of NCDs affecting different ethnic groups and kelamin with socio-cultural orientations would go a long way in alleviating the debilitating effects of the common NCDs among older people.

  • Differences between women and men in education, employment, political and economic empowerment have been well-documented in China due to the long traditional culture that male is superior to female. This study is to explore whether the similar kelamin differences exist in the use of health care by analyzing hospital admission, duration of hospitalization and medical expense of both genders in a Chinese hospital. This cross-sectional study evaluated the kelamin differences in clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients who were admitted for any reason to hospital in Zhuhai Special Economic Zone, Southern China, from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2009. Chi-square test was used to calculate differences between proportions and the t test was used to test differences between means. A habis-habis-an of 156,887 patients were recruited in the analysis, with a male/female ratio of 1.1:1.0. The average age and the duration of hospitalization were significantly greater among men (p < 0.05). A larger proportion of hospitalized female underwent surgery compared to male (p < 0.05). The habis-habis-an medical expense bagi inpatient indicated important differences between genders, with higher expenditures observed among men (p < 0.05). Furthermore, kelamin differences were observed in length of hospitalization and medical expense for five common conditions respectively and most differences favoring men were significant (p < 0.05) while differences favoring women were not significant (p > 0.05). Among all the self-paid patients, men were also superior in all investigating variables compared with women. Gender differences in the use of health care do occur in China. Despite of demographic factors, the differences between female and male can be in part explained by social power relations. China should increase attention to kelamin and equity in health.

  • A good understanding of the health heterogeneity of elderly people, their characteristics, patterns of health care utilization and subsequent expenditures is necessary to adequately evaluate the policy options and interventions aimed at improving quality and efficiency of care for older people. This article reviews studies that used Latent Class Analysis to identify four health profiles among elderly people in Taiwan: High Comorbidity (HC), Functional Impairment (FI), Frail (FR), and Relatively Healthy (RH). Variables associated with increased likelihood of being in the FR group were older age, female gender, and living with one's family, and these also correlated with ethnicity and golongan of education. The HC group tended to use more ambulatory care services compared with those in the RH group. The HC group tended to be younger, better educated, and was more likely to live in urban areas than were people in the FI group. The FI group, apart from age and gender, was less likely be of Hakka ethnicity and more likely to live with others than were individuals in the RH group. The FI group batas relatively high probabilities of needing assistance, and the FR group batas higher healthcare expenditures. A person-centered approach would better satisfy current healthcare needs of elderly people and help forecast future expenditures.

  • Transportation is a vital issue for access to health care, especially in rural areas where travel distances are great and access to alternative modes such aksis transit is less prevalent. This study estimates the impacts of transportation and geography on utilization of health care services for older adults in rural and small urban areas. Using bahan collected from a survey, a acuan was developed based on the Health Behavior Model that considered transportation and distance aksis factors that could enable or impede health care utilization. A acak sample of individuals aged 60 or older living in the rural Upper Great Plains states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming were surveyed by mail. With a response rate of 20%, responses were received from 543 individuals. An ordered probit acuan was used to estimate trip frequency, and a binary probit acuan was used to estimate the likelihood that an individual would miss or delay a health care trip. Distance and transportation variables were not found to significantly influence the habis-habis-an number of routine or chronic care trips made overall, while emergency care visits were impacted by transportation options. However, additional results showed that those who cannot drive make more trips if someone else in the household can drive; distance and access to transportation impact the likelihood that someone will miss or delay a trip; and difficulty reported in making trips is significantly affected by distance and transportation options. The greatest problems for people using public transportation for health care trips is inconvenient schedules, the need to match transit and medical schedules, and infrequent service.